Inquiries into Hadith Sciences in Iqbal's Correspondence: An Overview

Abstract

Allama Muhammad Iqbal viewed the sciences of Hadith not merely as a static historical record but as a dynamic resource for the reconstruction of Islamic jurisprudence and society. Recognizing that Hadith transmission does not possess the same degree of tawātur as the Qur’an, Iqbal approached the acceptance of narrations with critical caution, drawing upon principles of historical criticism reflected in jarḥ wa-taʿdīl. This study analytically examines Iqbal’s scholarly inquiries into the sciences of Hadith, particularly those found in his correspondence with Syed Sulaiman Nadvi. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study demonstrates that Iqbal emphasized ijtihād in the critical evaluation of Hadith texts (dirāyah), while prioritizing Qur’anic principles and historical context. Although he acknowledged the sanctity and authority of Prophetic traditions, he subjected them to critical scrutiny, at times identifying profound Prophetic insight in narrations conventionally considered weak and, on other occasions, questioning certain widely accepted traditions. The study argues that Iqbal’s inquiries primarily sought to establish the authenticity and evidentiary value of Prophetic traditions, thereby positioning Hadith as a credible source for his legal and philosophical thought.

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