Russion Literature and Short Stories of Krishan Chandar

Abstract

The translations of Russian literature, after the Russian revolution, left deep ideological and intellectual imprints on the writers and poets of Indo Pak subcontinent. Krishan Chander is one of those writers whose short stories reflect deep traces of Russian literature in his themes, subjects and techniques. Like Ivan Turgenev and Anton Chekhov, Krishan Chander is an artist and dipicter of nature. His short story "Hosn aur Hawan" is writern on the style of Chekhov's "The Steppe". Krishan Chander under the influence of Russian literature and Marxist ideas portrays the economic exploitation and its sufferngs and miseries. The stories like "Ghulami", "Rahman ke Jootey", "Hadian", "Phool", "Khoni Nach", "Zindagi ke Mor Per" and "Yarqan" mirror this category. Krishan Chander has not only absorbed the main currents of Russian literature but also successfully adopted its style and thought in his short stories.

Refrences:

1. Ahmad Hassan, Krishan Chander aur Afsanah Nigari, Lahore, Fiction House, 1992, p. 143.
2. Naeem Naqvi, Tanqeed o Aagahi, Karachi, Ghaznfar Academy, 1995, p. 112.
3. Ibadat Barelvi, Afsanah aur Afsanay ki Tanqeed, n.p., 1986, p. 232.
4. Masood Raza Khaki, Urdu Afsane ka Irtiqa, n.p., 1987, p. 213.
5. Aziz Ahmad, Preface to Purane Khuda by Krishan Chander, Lahore, Naya Idara, n.d., p. 9.
6. Jeelani Bano, Krishan Chander, Delhi, Sahitya Akademi, 1992, p. 21.
7. Sajjad Zaheer, Roshnai, Karachi, Maktaba Daniyal, 1986, p. 89.
8. Salam Sandelvi, Adab ka Tanqeedi Mutala‘a, Lahore, Maktaba Meri Library, 1987, p. 143.
9. Krishan Chander, “In a Personal Conversation,” in Krishan Chander aur Afsanah Nigari, by Dr. Ahmad Hassan, Lahore, Fiction House, 1992, p. 143.
10. Waris Alvi, “Krishan Chander ki Afsanah Nigari,” in Riwayat aur Masail, ed. Gopi Chand Narang, Lahore, Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1986, p. 335.
11. Syed Ehtesham Hussain, Adab aur Samaj, Bombay, Kutub Publishers, 1948, p. 79.
12. Ahmad Hassan, Krishan Chander aur Afsanah Nigari, p. 126.
13. Jagdish Chandra Vadhawan, Krishan Chander: Shakhsiyat aur Fan, Lahore, Nigarshat, 1993, p. 375.
14. Khalil-ur-Rahman Azmi, Urdu mein Taraqqi Pasand Tehreek, Aligarh, 1979, p. 272.
15. Ijaz Hussain, Naye Adabi Rujhanat, Hyderabad, 1946, p. 85.
16. Mirza Adeeb, Behtareen Adab, Lahore, Idara-e-Adab-e-Latif, 1955, p. 116.
17. Anwar Sadeed, Urdu Afsanay ki Karwaten, Lahore, Maktaba Alia, 1991, p. 66.
18. Akhtar Ziai, M. Anees: Urdu ke Terah Afsanay – Aik Tanqeedi Jaiza, Lahore, Qasr-ul-Adab, n.d., p. 22.
19. Saleem Akhtar, Afsana: Haqiqat se Alamat tak, Lahore, Maktaba Alia, 1976, p. 119.
20. Abdullah Syed, Urdu Adab 1957 ta 1966, Maktaba Khiyaban-e-Adab, 1967, p. 77.
21. Saleem Agha Qazilbash, Jadeed Urdu Afsanay ke Rujhanat, Karachi, Anjuman Taraqqi Urdu Pakistan, 2000, p. 276.

Bibliography:

Aziz Ahmad. “Preface.” In Purane Khuda, by Krishan Chander. Lahore: Naya Idara, n.d.

Ahmad Hassan. Krishan Chander aur Afsanah Nigari. Lahore: Fiction House, 1992.

Dr. Anwar Sadeed. Urdu Afsanay ki Karwaten. Lahore: Maktaba Alia, 1991.

Dr. Ehtesham Hussain, Syed. Adab aur Samaj. Bombay: Kutub Publishers, 1948.

Dr. Ibadat Barelvi. Afsanah aur Afsanay ki Tanqeed. n.p.: 1986.

Ijaz Hussain. Naye Adabi Rujhanat. Hyderabad: 1946.

Jeelani Bano. Krishan Chander. Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 1992.

Jagdish Chandra Vadhawan. Krishan Chander: Shakhsiyat aur Fan. Lahore: Nigarshat, 1993.

Dr. Khalil-ur-Rahman Azmi. Urdu mein Taraqqi Pasand Tehreek. Aligarh: 1979.

Krishan Chander. “In a Personal Conversation.” In Krishan Chander aur Afsanah Nigari, by Dr. Ahmad Hassan. Lahore: Fiction House, 1992.

Dr. Masood Raza Khaki. Urdu Afsane ka Irtiqa. n.p.: 1987.

Mirza Adeeb. Behtareen Adab. Lahore: Idara-e-Adab-e-Latif, 1955.

Dr. Naeem Naqvi. Tanqeed o Aagahi. Karachi: Ghaznfar Academy, 1995.

Dr. Salam Sandelvi. Adab ka Tanqeedi Mutala‘a. Lahore: Maktaba Meri Library, 1987.

Saleem Akhtar. Afsana: Haqiqat se Alamat tak. Lahore: Maktaba Alia, 1976.

Dr. Saleem Agha Qazilbash. Jadeed Urdu Afsanay ke Rujhanat. Karachi: Anjuman Taraqqi Urdu Pakistan, 2000.

Sajjad Zaheer. Roshnai. Karachi: Maktaba Daniyal, 1986.

Waris Alvi. “Krishan Chander ki Afsanah Nigari.” In Riwayat aur Masail, edited by Gopi Chand Narang. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1986.